1. Officers on election duty are deemed to be on deputation to the Election Commission of India.
2. Such officers are subject to the disciplinary control of their parent State Government during election duty.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: Section 13CC of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 provides that officers on election duty are deemed to be on deputation to the Election Commission of India (ECI).
Statement 2 – Incorrect: During election duty, such officers are under the control and discipline of the ECI, not their parent State Government. The State cannot take disciplinary action without ECI’s concurrence.
Reason (R): In coal gasification, impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen can be removed from syngas before its use for energy or chemical production.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
The assertion is correct because coal gasification is described as a cleaner alternative to traditional coal burning.
The reason is also correct because impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen can be removed from syngas before its final use.
This pre-use removal of pollutants is precisely why gasification is considered cleaner than directly burning coal. Hence, the reason correctly explains the assertion.
1. Coal reacts with steam and controlled amounts of oxygen or air under high temperature and pressure.
2. The process involves breaking down coal through partial oxidation rather than complete combustion.
3. The resulting syngas can be used both for electricity generation and as a feedstock for producing chemicals and fertilizers.
4. Coal gasification can be carried out both at the surface and within underground coal seams.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: Coal gasification involves reacting coal with steam and controlled oxygen or air under high temperature and pressure conditions.
Statement 2 – Correct: The process is based on partial oxidation rather than complete combustion, distinguishing it from conventional coal burning.
Statement 3 – Correct: The produced syngas is versatile and can be used for electricity generation and as a feedstock for chemicals, fertilizers (such as urea), and liquid fuels.
Statement 4 – Correct: Gasification can be conducted both as surface coal gasification and underground coal gasification, enabling access to deep coal reserves.
1. It forms part of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt.
2. It serves as an important watershed between the Amu Darya basin and the Indus tributary system.
3. It has originated mainly due to divergent plate movement between the Indian and Eurasian plates.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: The Hindu Kush is part of the broader Alpine-Himalayan mountain system.
Statement 2 – Correct: It acts as a major watershed, with rivers draining northward towards the Amu Darya and southward towards the Indus system.
Statement 3 – Incorrect: The Hindu Kush is associated with convergent tectonics, not divergent movement. It developed due to the ongoing interaction of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
Thus, only Statements 1 and 2 are correct.
1. Its eastern extremity is associated with the Karakoram-Pamir junction zone.
2. Tirich Mir, the highest peak of the Hindu Kush, is located in Pakistan.
3. The Salang Pass is historically important because it directly connects India with Central Asia through the Hindu Kush.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: The eastern end of the Hindu Kush is linked with the Karakoram Range and the Pamir Knot.
Statement 2 – Correct: Tirich Mir (7,708 m), the highest peak of the Hindu Kush, is located in Pakistan.
Statement 3 – Incorrect: The Salang Pass is strategically important within Afghanistan, but it does not directly connect India with Central Asia.
Hence, two statements are correct.
1. It is the largest country in the Caucasus region.
2. It is bounded by both maritime and oceanic water bodies to the east.
3. It shares borders with both Russia and Iran.
4. It shares a direct land boundary with Turkey through its mainland territory.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus region.
Statement 2 – Incorrect: The Caspian Sea is an inland water body, not an oceanic one.
Statement 3 – Correct: Azerbaijan shares borders with both Russia (to the north) and Iran (to the south).
Statement 4 – Incorrect: Turkey borders only the Nakhchivan exclave, not mainland Azerbaijan.
Thus, only Statements 1 and 3 are correct.
Reason (R): Azerbaijan lies over hydrocarbon-rich sedimentary basins associated with the Caspian region.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Assertion (A) – Correct: Azerbaijan is widely known as the “Land of Fire” and hosts nearly 400 mud volcanoes, accounting for a very large share of the global total. Many are concentrated in regions such as Gobustan, recognised for its unique geological features.
Reason (R) – Correct: Mud volcanoes are strongly associated with hydrocarbon-rich sedimentary basins. They form when pressurised gases, mainly methane, escape from underground petroleum deposits through soft, water-saturated sediments.
Azerbaijan lies in the South Caspian Basin, one of the world’s most significant oil and gas regions, providing ideal conditions for the formation and frequent activity of mud volcanoes. Hence, the reason correctly explains the assertion.