1. India achieved its Paris commitment on emissions intensity reduction well before the original target year.
2. A decline in emissions intensity necessarily implies a decline in absolute emissions.
3. Sectoral emissions trends in India show uniform decline across power, transport, and heavy industry.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: The text states that emissions intensity fell by approximately 36% by 2020, surpassing the Paris target of 33–35% set for 2030.
Statement 2 – Incorrect: The text explicitly highlights incomplete decoupling, where emissions intensity declines even as absolute greenhouse gas emissions remain high.
Statement 3 – Incorrect: Emissions continue to rise in cement, steel, and transport sectors, despite some moderation in power-sector emissions.
Reason (R): India’s GDP growth has outpaced emissions growth without an economy-wide absolute reduction in emissions.
Choose the correct answer using the code below:
Assertion – Correct: The text explicitly notes that reductions in emissions intensity coexist with persistently high absolute greenhouse gas emissions, estimated at about 2,959 MtCO₂e in 2020.
Reason – Correct and explanatory: The reason captures the phenomenon of partial decoupling, where GDP growth outpaces emissions growth without an economy-wide absolute decline, thereby explaining the assertion.
Correct option: Renewable energy sources suffer from intermittency, relatively low capacity factors, and inadequate large-scale storage, which limits their contribution to actual electricity generation.
Option (a) – Incorrect: Solar and wind tariffs in India have declined sharply and are now largely competitive with coal-based power.
Option (c) – Incorrect: While transmission bottlenecks exist, they are not the primary factor explaining coal’s continued dominance in generation.
Option (d) – Incorrect: Coal-based power plants are subject to increasing environmental regulations and compliance requirements.
1. India successfully met its 175 GW renewable energy target by 2022.
2. Achieving installed capacity targets does not automatically translate into proportional emissions reduction.
3. Storage availability is currently adequate to support large-scale renewable integration.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement 1 – Incorrect: India did not meet the 175 GW renewable energy target by 2022, with actual capacity additions falling short of the stated goal.
Statement 2 – Correct: Installed capacity figures do not directly translate into equivalent electricity generation or emissions reduction due to capacity factor and integration constraints.
Statement 3 – Incorrect: The estimated storage requirement is about 336 GWh, whereas only around 500 MWh of storage capacity is currently operational.
1. India is close to meeting its 2030 forest carbon sink target in numerical terms.
2. Official forest cover estimates exclude plantations and monocultures.
3. Plantation-driven carbon gains may not correspond to ecological restoration.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: India is numerically close to achieving its 2030 forest-based carbon sink target, with only about 0.2 billion tonnes of additional sequestration required.
Statement 2 – Incorrect: As per the Forest Survey of India (FSI), forest cover estimates include plantations, orchards, and monoculture tree stands.
Statement 3 – Correct: Plantation-driven carbon gains often prioritise carbon accounting over biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration.
Correct option: There are governance gaps between renewable capacity addition and supporting systems such as grid integration, storage availability, transmission infrastructure, and land acquisition.
Option (a) – Incorrect: Financial resources are not the primary constraint, as funds such as CAMPA have accumulated substantial unutilised balances.
Option (b) – Incorrect: The challenge lies in domestic implementation and coordination rather than overdependence on international climate finance.
Option (d) – Incorrect: India has clearly articulated quantified climate commitments under the Paris Agreement and subsequent climate pledges.