1. The Compensatory Afforestation Fund framework provides for authorities at both National and State levels to manage the fund.
2. Mandatory people’s participation in compensatory afforestation is expressly laid down in the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: The Act provides for a National and State CAMPA mechanism for fund management and monitoring, ensuring coordinated utilisation of compensatory afforestation funds.
Statement 2 – Incorrect: Mandatory public participation is not specified in the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016. The Act focuses primarily on institutional and financial management aspects.
1. The term “Critical Wildlife Habitat (CWH)” is defined in the Forest Rights Act, 2006.
2. Bamboo is recognised as a Minor Forest Produce (MFP) under the FRA.
3. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is the nodal ministry for implementation of the FRA.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: The Forest Rights Act, 2006 defines the term Critical Wildlife Habitat (CWH) as areas within National Parks and Sanctuaries required to be kept inviolate for wildlife conservation.
Statement 2 – Correct: Bamboo is explicitly recognised as a Minor Forest Produce (MFP) under the FRA, allowing forest dwellers rights over its collection and sale.
Statement 3 – Incorrect: The nodal ministry for the implementation of the FRA is the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, not the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
The classic hotspot filters stress species richness, endemism, and threat perception; vegetation density and ethnobotanical value are not part of the defining criteria.
Species richness: A region must contain a high number of different species, indicating a diverse ecosystem.
Endemism: The area must have a significant number of species that are endemic, i.e., found nowhere else on Earth. The established threshold is at least 1,500 species of endemic vascular plants (more than 0.5% of the world’s total), making the area irreplaceable.
Threat perception: A region must be under severe threat, having lost at least 70% of its original natural vegetation. This criterion highlights the urgency for conservation efforts.
1. Brings nutrients to the surface, boosting productivity.
2. Brings bottom-dwelling organisms to the surface in large numbers, which directly raises primary production.
3. Brings decomposer microorganisms to the surface as the primary reason for higher NPP.
How many statements are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: Upwelling brings nutrient-rich deep water to the surface, especially nitrates and phosphates, which promote high primary productivity through phytoplankton growth.
Statements 2 and 3 – Incorrect: Upwelling does not physically bring bottom-dwelling organisms or decomposer microorganisms to the surface. The rise in productivity results from nutrient enrichment, not the surfacing of benthic fauna or decomposers.
1. National Park status can be declared over an area inside or outside an existing sanctuary.
2. Some restricted human activities may be permitted in a Wildlife Sanctuary.
3. Biosphere Reserves are primarily a national designation under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statement 1 – Correct: National Parks can be notified over areas either inside or outside existing sanctuaries under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Statement 2 – Correct: Wildlife Sanctuaries may allow certain restricted human activities (subject to regulation), unlike National Parks where such use is more tightly controlled.
Statement 3 – Incorrect: Biosphere Reserves are recognised under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme; they are not a protected area category created by the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
The Green India Mission (GIM) is one of the eight missions under India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). Its central objective is the restoration and enhancement of forest and tree cover, alongside improving ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and water regulation.
It also aims to strengthen the capacity of ecosystems and local communities to adapt to climate change while contributing to mitigation goals.
The mission does not involve embedding “green accounting” in budgets or enforcing urban plantation schemes such as Miyawaki drives.